Assessing the Knowledge Towards Hepatitis B Virus Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi

Abstract

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) remains a major public health concern in Malawi, particularly among pregnant women due to its potential for vertical (mother-to-child) transmission. This study assessed knowledge related to HBV among 369 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre. Knowledge scores were used to categorize respondents into two groups: those with adequate knowledge (answered more than 5 questions correctly) and those with poor knowledge (answered 5 or fewer correctly). While 60.2% of the participants had heard of HBV, only 25.5% correctly identified it as a virus. This indicates that general awareness did not always correspond with scientific understanding. Many participants lacked clarity on HBV’s classification and transmission pathways—49.3% were unsure whether it is caused by a virus, and 54.7% were unaware of its viral nature. Knowledge of transmission routes was equally inconsistent. Only 17.9% believed it could be transmitted through casual contact, while 42.5% acknowledged the possibility of infection through an infected husband. Meanwhile, just 45.3% were aware of mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. Although more than half (53.4%) recognized the preventive role of the HBV vaccine, misconceptions around curability and risk persisted. About 50.7% believed HBV is curable, and only 33.3% acknowledged unsafe sex as a transmission risk. Furthermore, just 30.9% of respondents were aware that asymptomatic individuals can still transmit the virus. These knowledge gaps reflect limited understanding of key aspects that influence prevention and early detection. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between knowledge levels and socio-demographic factors such as residence, education level, and income (p < 0.001). Women residing in urban areas or those with higher education and income levels were more likely to demonstrate accurate knowledge about HBV. These findings underscore the disparities in health literacy that may hinder public health efforts, particularly among rural and underserved populations. In conclusion, the study highlights a critical need for targeted educational interventions within antenatal care settings to improve HBV-related knowledge. By strengthening communication strategies and leveraging existing ANC touchpoints, healthcare providers can empower pregnant women with essential information, ultimately contributing to the reduction of HBV transmission and improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes.