A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January – June 2015

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dc.contributor.authorKabwama, Steven Ndugwa
dc.contributor.authorBulage, Lilian
dc.contributor.authorNsubuga, Fred
dc.contributor.authorPande, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorOguttu, David Were
dc.contributor.authorMafigiri, Richardson
dc.contributor.authorKihembo, Christine
dc.contributor.authorKwesiga, Benon
dc.contributor.authorMasiira, Ben
dc.contributor.authorOkullo, Allen Eva
dc.contributor.authorKajumbula, Henry
dc.contributor.authorMatovu, Joseph K. B.
dc.contributor.authorMakumbi, Issa
dc.contributor.authorWetaka, Milton
dc.contributor.authorKasozi, Sam
dc.contributor.authorKyazze, Simon
dc.contributor.authorDahlke, Melissa
dc.contributor.authorHughes, Peter
dc.contributor.authorSendagala, Juliet Nsimire
dc.contributor.authorMusenero, Monica
dc.contributor.authorNabukenya, Immaculate
dc.contributor.authorHill, Vincent R.
dc.contributor.authorMintz, Eric
dc.contributor.authorRouth, Janell
dc.contributor.authorGómez, Gerardo
dc.contributor.authorBicknese, Amelia
dc.contributor.authorZhu, Bao-Ping
dc.date.accessioned2018-07-25T13:43:16Z
dc.date.available2018-07-25T13:43:16Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.descriptionThis study explored On 6 February 2015, Kampala city authorities alerted the Ugandan Ministry of Health of a “strange disease” that killed one person and sickened dozens. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the nature of the disease, mode of transmission, and risk factors to inform timely and effective control measures.en_US
dc.description.abstractBackground: On 6 February 2015, Kampala city authorities alerted the Ugandan Ministry of Health of a “strange disease” that killed one person and sickened dozens. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the nature of the disease, mode of transmission, and risk factors to inform timely and effective control measures. Methods: We defined a suspected case as onset of fever (≥37.5 °C) for more than 3 days with abdominal pain, headache, negative malaria test or failed anti-malaria treatment, and at least 2 of the following: diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, constipation, fatigue. A probable case was defined as a suspected case with a positive TUBEX® TF test. A confirmed case had blood culture yielding Salmonella Typhi. We conducted a case-control study to compare exposures of 33 suspected case-patients and 78 controls, and tested water and juice samples. Results: From 17 February–12 June, we identified 10,230 suspected, 1038 probable, and 51 confirmed cases. Approximately 22.58% (7/31) of case-patients and 2.56% (2/78) of controls drank water sold in small plastic bags (ORM-H = 8.90; 95%CI = 1.60–49.00); 54.54% (18/33) of case-patients and 19.23% (15/78) of controls consumed locally made drinks (ORM-H = 4.60; 95%CI: 1.90–11.00). All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Water and juice samples exhibited evidence of fecal contamination. Conclusion: Contaminated water and street-vended beverages were likely vehicles of this outbreak. At our recommendation authorities closed unsafe water sources and supplied safe water to affected areas.en_US
dc.identifier.citationKabwama et al. A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January – June 2015. BMC Public Health Vol. 17 No. 23 (2017) DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-4002-0en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11951/295
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherBMC Public Healthen_US
dc.subjectTyphoid feveren_US
dc.subjectEpidemiologic investigationen_US
dc.subjectStrange disease Case-control, Ugandaen_US
dc.titleA large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January – June 2015en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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