Widespread Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa Is Driven by Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms

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dc.contributor.authorMulamba, Charles
dc.contributor.authorRiveron, Jacob M.
dc.contributor.authorIbrahim, Sulaiman S.
dc.contributor.authorIrving, Helen
dc.contributor.authorBarnes, Kayla G.
dc.contributor.authorMukwaya, Louis G.
dc.contributor.authorBirungi, Josephine
dc.contributor.authorWondji, Charles S.
dc.date.accessioned2018-07-25T07:52:10Z
dc.date.available2018-07-25T07:52:10Z
dc.date.issued2014-10-15
dc.descriptionThe study discusses Widespread Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa.en_US
dc.description.abstractBackground Establishing the extent, geographical distribution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a prerequisite for resistance management. Here, we report a widespread distribution of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector An. funestus across Uganda and western Kenya under the control of metabolic resistance mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings Female An. funestus collected throughout Uganda and western Kenya exhibited a Plasmodium infection rate between 4.2 to 10.4%. Widespread resistance against both type I (permethrin) and II (deltamethrin) pyrethroids and DDT was observed across Uganda and western Kenya. All populations remain highly susceptible to carbamate, organophosphate and dieldrin insecticides. Knockdown resistance plays no role in the pyrethroid and DDT resistance as no kdr mutation associated with resistance was detected despite the presence of a F1021C replacement. Additionally, no signature of selection was observed on the sodium channel gene. Synergist assays and qRT-PCR indicated that metabolic resistance plays a major role notably through elevated expression of cytochrome P450s. DDT resistance mechanisms differ from West Africa as the L119F-GSTe2 mutation only explains a small proportion of the genetic variance to DDT resistance. Conclusion The extensive distribution of pyrethroid and DDT resistance in East African An. funestus populations represents a challenge to the control of this vector. However, the observed carbamate and organophosphate susceptibility offers alternative solutions for resistance management.en_US
dc.identifier.citationMulamba, Charles, Riveron, Jacob M., Ibrahim, Sulaiman S., Irving, Helen, Barnes, Kayla G., Mukwaya, Louis G., Birungi, Josephine, Wondji, Charles S., 2014. Widespread Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa Is Driven by Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11951/276
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectPyrethroiden_US
dc.subjectDDTen_US
dc.subjectMalariaen_US
dc.subjectVector Anopheles funestusen_US
dc.subjectEast Africaen_US
dc.titleWidespread Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa Is Driven by Metabolic Resistance Mechanismsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in the PLoS ONE, October/2014, Volume 9, Issue 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110058
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