Siena Owomugisha2025-06-202025-06-202025-06-13https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11951/1647A Research Dissertation Submitted to Uganda Christian University and Institute Of Petroleum Studies Kampala in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Master of Laws in Oil and GasUganda stands at a critical juncture in its pursuit of sustainable energy, requiring a robust legal framework to harmonize environmental sustainability with economic growth. Without a proper legal regime in place all other endeavors towards the achievement of sustainable energy such as the Institutional and Policy frameworks, would be in vain. This paper therefore examines the robustness of Uganda’s Energy Legal Framework in so far as the fostering of a sustainable energy transition is concerned, by assessing key energy legislation such as The Petroleum (Exploration, Development and Production) Act 2013, The Petroleum (Refining, Conversion, Transmission and Midstream Storage) Act 2013, The Electricity Act 1999 and The National Environment Act 2019. Key Institutional and Policy considerations are also analyzed such as The Renewable Energy Policy, The Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA), Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), and other regulatory bodies in ensuring compliance, balancing industrial expansion with environmental protection, and fostering a conducive climate for private sector investment. Additionally the paper delves into an international comparative analysis to extract the international best practices as enshrined in International instruments some of which Uganda is a State Party such as the Paris Agreement, the East African Community (EAC) Energy Framework, and the African Union’s Agenda 2063, highlighting their influence on domestic legal structures. It also examines fiscal and legal incentives and challenges for sustainable energy, including tax reliefs, feed-in tariffs, land acquisition disputes, environmental impact assessment (EIA) compliance gaps, policy fragmentation and public-private partnerships, drawing comparisons with best practices from other jurisdictions. By synthesizing legal, environmental, and economic perspectives, this study underscores the need for a dynamic legal infrastructure that fosters a just, inclusive, and sustainable energy transition in Uganda. It concludes by offering strategic policy recommendations to enhance legal coherence, optimize regulatory enforcement, and create an enabling environment for a green energy revolution that aligns with Uganda’s long-term environmental and economic objectives.enLegal FrameworkSustainable Energy TransitionUgandaThesis